INTEGRITAS PEMILU DAN POLITIK UANG: PEMETAAN PRAKTIK VOTE-BUYING DAN RESPONS INSTITUSIONAL DALAM PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH (PILKADA) DI INDONESIA 2020–2024

Abstract

This study comprehensively examines the phenomenon of vote-buying in Indonesian Regional Elections (Pilkada) during the 2020–2024 period, focusing on mapping typological practices, analyzing structural determinants, and evaluating the effectiveness of institutional responses. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates institutional document analysis, surveys of 1,240 voters across six provinces, in-depth interviews with 193 key informants, and focus group discussions (FGDs) in 12 districts/cities, this research identifies six structurally and contextually distinct vote-buying typologies. Findings reveal that 67.3% of respondents reported exposure to vote-buying practices, with transaction values ranging from IDR 50,000–500,000 per vote for the direct cash transfer category. Logistic regression analysis reveals that structural poverty (β=0.412), high electoral competitiveness (β=0.387), and broker network density (β=0.356) are the strongest predictors of vote-buying prevalence (Nagelkerke R²=0.487). Institutional responses demonstrate a significant gap between reports submitted to Bawaslu (2,847 cases) and the effective prosecution rate (6.6%). This research contributes to electoral clientelism theory by proposing the Capacity-Based Institutional Response Stratification (CBIRS) model and recommends systemic reforms in the legal, institutional, and socio-cultural framework for combating money politics in Indonesia.