Pengawasan Pemilu dalam Demokrasi Digital: Disinformasi, Konten Sintetis, dan Integritas Elektoral di Indonesia

Abstrak

The digital transformation of democracy has reshaped the political information ecosystem while simultaneously creating new challenges for election oversight in Indonesia. This study aims to synthesize the literature on the forms, mechanisms, and implications of digital disinformation and synthetic content on electoral integrity, while also mapping the challenges faced by Indonesia’s election oversight system in responding to these threats. The research employs a literature review approach by examining relevant secondary sources, including journal articles, policy documents, regulations, and institutional publications, which are subsequently analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that digital information threats in elections are not limited to hoaxes and disinformation, but also include visual manipulation, deepfakes, and AI-generated political content disseminated through social media, platform algorithms, coordinated networks, and cross-platform distribution. These threats contribute to the decline in the quality of voter information, disruption of fair electoral competition, delegitimization of electoral processes and outcomes, and erosion of public trust. The study also finds that election oversight in Indonesia continues to face fragmented regulations, limited technical capacity, suboptimal inter-agency coordination, and the complexity of verifying digital content.This study concludes that electoral integrity in the era of digital democracy requires a more adaptive, collaborative, and ecosystem-based model of election oversight, supported by stronger information ecosystem integrity.